Reciprocating air compressor is an important drive equipment which is widely used in factories, such as metallurgy, mine, mechanical manufacture, and especially in ships. In ship fault diagnosis, the vibration analyzing is usually used to find the faults, but sometimes, it is difficult to locate where fault happening because of the complicated configuration of the equipment and the stirred of many parts by vibrating. This paper takes an example to introduce the fault diagnosis of the reciprocating air compressor by vibration and oil monitoring.