Pharmacological in vitro profiling of Buddleja officinalis flower extracts in the context of dry eye disease

BACKGROUND: Dry eye disease (DED) is caused by inflammation on the ocular surface and insufficient quality or production of the tear film. Due to various harmful environmental conditions, a gradual increase of DED cases has been reported. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: This study aims for a comprehensive in vitro pharmacological and phytochemical profiling of two different Buddleja officinalis Maxim. extracts to assess their potential for the treatment of DED. METHODS: A hydroethanolic (BO-HE) and a lead-like enhanced (BO-LLE) B. officinalis extract were phytochemically characterized by UHPLC-UV-MS and UHPLC-ELSD analyses. Afterwards, the effects of either BO-HE or BO-LLE on in vitro dry eye models, including human corneal epithelial cell-transformed (HCE-T) cells, immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells (IHMGECs) and human leukemia monocytic (THP-1) cells, and Jurkat cells, were investigated. RESULTS: Both extracts exhibited strong anti-inflammatory properties with free radical scavenging activities and reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in UVB-exposed HCE-T cells. Treatment with BO-HE or BO-LLE showed wound healing capacities. Moreover, both extracts differentially modulate mediator secretion in UVB-exposed HCE-T cells. In IHMGECs, the size of secreted lipid droplets was larger in BO-LLE treated cells. As for immune cells, a significant reduction in levels of TNF-α and IL-6 secretion by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed THP-1 cells was observed. Additionally, BO-LLE effectively inhibited intracellular calcium influx in Jurkat cells even at low concentrations. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate pharmacological potential of B. officinalis flowers for the treatment of DED pathology with BO-LLE exerting a slightly more beneficial profile than BO-HE.