A two-stage optimization strategy for VPP trading in multi-market considering setting method and marginal revenue and expenditure of standby capacity

Virtual power plant (VPP) with a high percentage of flexibility resources has issues that need to be addressed, such as high source-load volatility and limited scope to participate in multi-market bids. Therefore, this paper proposes a VPP standby capacity setting method based on normal distribution framework and Bayesian parameter optimization. Through the marginal revenue and expenditure of standby capacity analysis, this paper constructs a two-stage optimization strategy for VPP trading in multi-market considering double uncertainty, which is solved by the Improved Multi-Objective Squirrel Search Algorithm (IMSSA). Compared to the traditional program, the VPP's participation in the day-ahead spot bidding increased by 5.97% and 2.48%, respectively, total revenue increased by 17.41% and 12.97%, respectively, reliability increased by 0.21%, and overall energy efficiency increased by 10%. Compared to Squirrel Search Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm, IMSSA improves the optimal revenue by 1.03% and 1.91%, and the convergence speed by 24.24% and 38.01%, respectively.