An In Vivo Self‐Assembled Bispecific Nanoblocker for Enhancing Tumor Immunotherapy

Abstract Anti‐PD‐L1 monoclonal antibody has achieved substantial success in tumor immunotherapy by T‐cells activation. However, the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components induced by unsatisfactory T‐cells infiltration and poor tumor penetration of antibodies make it challenging to realize efficient tumor immunotherapy. Herein, a peptide‐based bispecific nanoblocker (BNB) strategy is reported for in situ construction of CXCR4/PD‐L1 targeted nanoclusters on the surface of tumor cells that are capable of boosting T‐cells infiltration through CXCR4 blockage and enhancing T‐cells activation by PD‐L1 occupancy, ultimately realizing high‐performance tumor immunotherapy. Briefly, the BNB strategy selectively recognizes and bonds CXCR4/PD‐L1 with deep tumor penetration, which rapidly self‐assembles into nanoclusters on the surface of tumor cells. Compared to the traditional bispecific antibody, BNB exhibits an intriguing metabolic behavior, that is, the elimination half‐life ( t 1/2 ) of BNB in the tumor is 69.3 h which is ≈50 times longer than that in the plasma (1.4 h). The higher tumor accumulation and rapid systemic clearance overcome potential systemic side effects. Moreover, the solid tumor stress generated by excessive extracellular matrix components is substantially reduced to 44%, which promotes T‐cells infiltration and activation for immunotherapy efficacy. Finally, these findings substantially strengthen and extend clinical applications of PD‐1/PD‐L1 immunotherapy.