[Morphological parameters of the posterior pole in a high myopia population aged over 40 years: a 10-year follow-up study].

Objective To study the long-term changes of the morphological parameters of the posterior pole in highly myopic patients over 40 years old in Chinese natural population. Methods A population-based follow-up study. The study included 71 patients (27 males, 44 females; 110 eyes) with high myopia who completed the Beijing Eye Study in 2001 and 2011 and had assessable color fundus photographs. The age of the patients in 2011 was 56.2±9.5 years old. According to the definition of pathological myopia by the meta-analysis of the Pathological Myopia Research Group, the fundus photos in 2001 were interpreted, and 110 eyes were divided into groups of simple high myopia (79 eyes) and pathological myopia (31 eyes). The morphological parameters during the 2 follow-up visits in 2001 and 2011 were measured in the color fundus photos, including optic disc tilt ratio, optic disc rotation degree, β zone area, disc-fovea distance, disc-outer β zone border distance, fovea-outer β zone border distance, and vertical distance between temporal arterial arcades, and compared in all the subjects, patients with simple high myopia and patients with pathological myopia. Correlations between the 10-year changes of these parameters and other parameters were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. Results In all subjects, the incidence of optic disc tilt and rotation was 41.1% (44/107) and 63.3% (68/107), respectively. The optic disc tilt ratio in 2001 and 2011 was 1.34±0.31 and 1.34±0.33, respectively. The optic disc rotation degree was 30.4±26.3° and 30.0±25.3 in 2001 and 2011, respectively. The differences in optic disc tilt ratio (Z=-0.317, P>0.05) and optic disc rotation degree (t=0.159, P>0.05) were not statistically significant. The β zone area [1.34 (0.45,3.73)mm2, Z=-7.295, P<0.05], disc-fovea distance [(5.18±0.54)mm, t=-3.523, P<0.05], and disc-outer β zone border distance [1.55 (0.24,2.16)mm, Z=-6.825, P<0.05] in 2011 were significantly increased compared to those in 2001 [1.05 (0.23,1.88)mm2, 5.08±0.43, 1.39 (0.77,1.93)mm]. There was no statistically significant difference in the vertical distance between temporal arterial arcades (Z=-1.858, P>0.05). The fovea-outer β zone border distance in the simple high myopia group in 2011 was significantly shorter than that in 2001 (Z=-3.221, P<0.05), while there was no significant change in this parameter in the pathological myopia group (t=0.655, P<0.05). In multivariate analysis, larger β zone area was significantly correlated with longer corneal curvature (r=0.462, P<0.05) and longer axial length (P<0.05). Longer disc-fovea distance was significantly correlated with lower best corrected visual acuity (r=0.348, P<0.05) and longer axial length (P<0.05). Similarly, longer disc-outer β zone border distance was related to lower best corrected visual acuity (r=0.538, P<0.05) and longer axial length (P<0.05). In addition, the progression of myopic maculopathy (Z=-3.425, P<0.05) and the progression from simple high myopia to pathological myopia (Z=-2.911, P<0.05) were both related to enlargement of the β zone. Conclusion For patients with high myopia aged over 40 years, the optic disc morphology is relatively stable, while the disc-fovea distance and β zone area will continue to increase with the progression of myopia. This may be due to the elongation of axial length. Enlargement of the β zone may be a predictor for the progression of myopic maculopathy. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57:908-915).目的： 探讨中国自然人群中40岁以上高度近视眼患者后极部眼底形态学参数的长期变化规律。 方法： 以人群为基础的纵向研究。纳入“北京眼病研究”中完成了2001年和2011年2次调查、彩色眼底像可供判读的71例（110只眼）高度近视眼（近视等效球镜度数≥6.00 D）患者资料进行研究，其中男性27例，女性44例。2011年时患者的年龄为（56.2±9.5）岁。根据病理性近视眼研究小组荟萃分析中对病理性近视眼的定义对2001年眼底像进行判读，110只眼被分为单纯性高度近视眼组（79只眼）和病理性近视眼组（31只眼）。分别对2001年和2011年的彩色眼底像中的形态学参数进行测量，包括视盘倾斜度、视盘旋转度、β萎缩弧面积、视盘中心凹距离、视盘萎缩弧颞侧缘距离、中心凹萎缩弧颞侧缘距离、血管弓垂直距离，并分别对所有受试者、单纯性高度近视眼组、病理性近视眼组2次随访参数采用t检验和非参数检验进行比较，多元线性回归分析参数10年变化值与其他参数的相关性。 结果： 所有受试者中视盘倾斜和视盘旋转的发生率分别为41.1%（44/107）和63.3%（68/107），2001年和2011年的视盘倾斜度分别为1.34±0.31和1.34±0.33，视盘旋转度分别为30.4°±26.3°和30.0°±25.3°，2001年和2011年视盘倾斜度差异（Z=-0.317）和视盘旋转度差异（t=0.159）均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2011年的β萎缩弧的面积［1.34（0.45，3.73）mm2，Z=-7.295］、视盘中心凹距离［（5.18±0.54）mm，t=-3.523］、视盘萎缩弧距离［1.55（0.24，2.16）mm，Z=-6.825］分别较2001年β萎缩弧的面积［1.05（0.23，1.88）mm2］、视盘中心凹距离［（5.08±0.43）mm］、视盘萎缩弧距离［1.39（0.77，1.93）mm］显著增大（P<0.05）；血管弓的垂直距离差异无统计学意义（Z=-1.858，P>0.05）。而单纯高度近视眼组和病理性近视眼组中心凹萎缩弧距离变化规律不同：单纯性高度近视眼组2011年中心凹萎缩弧距离较2001年显著缩短（Z=-3.221，P<0.05），而病理性近视眼组中心凹萎缩弧距离无明显变化（t=0.655，P>0.05）。多因素分析的结果显示较大的β萎缩弧面积变化值与大的角膜曲率（r=0.462，P<0.05）和较长的眼轴显著相关（P<0.05）；较大的视盘中心凹距离改变与低的最佳矫正视力（r=0.348，P<0.05）和较长的眼轴（P<0.05）显著相关；较大的视盘萎缩弧距离变化和低的最佳矫正视力（r=0.538，P<0.05）和长眼轴（P<0.05）相关。此外，近视眼黄斑病变的进展（Z=-3.425，P<0.05）以及单纯性高度近视眼进展为病理性近视眼（Z=-2.911，P<0.05）都和更加显著的β萎缩弧扩大相关。 结论： 40岁以上的高度近视眼患者，随着高度近视眼的发展，视盘形态相对稳定，而视盘黄斑距离和β萎缩弧会不断增大，这可能是由眼轴增长所致；β萎缩弧的变化可能是近视眼黄斑病变进展的预测指标。（中华眼科杂志，2021，57：908-915）.