rms of number of words; and #, which is the length of a document expressed as a pure number, multiple of the word-length of the reference text, e.g., # = 1.67 for a text 1670 word long if the reference text is a thousand words, i.e., # = 1000. This allows us to express the rate # as the rate of occurrence of a word in a text of length equal to that of the reference text, , conditionally on the desired, or observed, length of the text, #, expressed as a multiple of the word-length of the reference text. References