The percutaneous management of pulmonary metastases

Summary Local treatment of lung metastases has been in the front scene since late 90s when an international registry of thoracic surgery reported a median overall survival of 35 months in resected patients versus 15 months in non‐resected patients. Today, other local therapies are available for patients with oligometastatic lung disease, including image guided thermal ablation, such as ablation, microwave ablation, and cryoablation. Image‐guided ablation is increasingly offered, and now recommended in guidelines as option to surgery. Today, the size of the target tumour remains the main driver of success and selection of patients with limited tumour size allowing for local tumour control in the range of 90% in most recent and larger series targeting lung metastases up to 3.5 cm. Overall survival exceeding five‐years in large series of thermal ablation for lung metastases from colorectal origin are align with outcome of same patients treated with surgical resection. Moreover, thermal ablation in such population allows for one‐year chemotherapy holidays in all comers and over 18 months in lung only metastatic patients, allowing for improved patient quality of life and preserving further lines of systemic treatment when needed. Tolerance of thermal ablation is excellent and better than surgery with no lost in respiratory function, allowing for repeated treatment when needed. In the future, it is likely that practice of lung surgery for small oligometastatic lung disease will decrease, and that minimally invasive techniques will replace surgery in such indications. Randomized study will be difficult to obtain as demonstrated by discontinuation of many studies testing the hypothesis of surgery versus observation, or surgery versus SBRT.