An 18-nW, 170°C Temperature Range, Voltage and Current Reference Circuit with Low Line Sensitivity

In Internet-of-Things applications, there is an increasing focus on power efficiency and small form factors in electronics. Designing for low power consumption involves using a small volume battery while maintaining a long operational time. The reliability of the electrical circuits is highly dependent on having a stable voltage and current reference (VCR). For a reference circuit to be well-designed, it needs to be low power, supply-independent, stable over a wide temperature range, and occupy a small chip area. Integrated VCRs are appealing because of the strong correlation between the local and global distributions of voltage and current.