Cation-Induced Interfacial Hydrophobic Microenvironment Promotes the C–C Coupling in Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) toward C 2 products is a promising way for the clean energy economy. Modulating the structure of the electric double layer (EDL), especially the interfacial water and cation type, is a useful strategy to promote C–C coupling, but atomic understanding lags far behind the experimental observations. Herein, we investigate the combined effect of interfacial water and alkali metal cations on the C–C coupling at the Cu(100) electrode/electrolyte interface using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations with a constrained MD and slow-growth approach. We observe a linear correlation between the water-adsorbate stabilization effect, which manifests as hydrogen bonds, and the corresponding alleviation in the C–C coupling free energy. The role of a larger cation, compared to a smaller cation (e.g., K + vs Li + ), lies in its ability to approach the interface through desolvation and coordinates with the *CO+*CO moiety, partially substituting the hydrogen-bonding stabilizing effect of interfacial water. Although this only results in a marginal reduction of the energy barrier for C–C coupling, it creates a local hydrophobic environment with a scarcity of hydrogen bonds owing to its great ionic radius, impeding the hydrogen of surrounding interfacial water to approach the oxygen of the adsorbed *CO. This skillfully circumvents the further hydrogenation of *CO toward the C 1 pathway, serving as the predominant factor through which a larger cation facilitates C–C coupling. This study unveils a comprehensive atomic mechanism of the cation–water–adsorbate interactions that can facilitate the further optimization of the electrolyte and EDL for efficient C–C coupling in CO 2 RR.