Interpretable EU ETS Phase 4 prices forecasting based on deep generative data augmentation approach

This paper proposes an interpretable deep learning forecasting method based on generative data augmentation for carbon allowance prices in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) Phase 4. Utilizing TimeGAN, we generate near-real expanded data to enhance training sets. Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT) is used to quantify the contribution of impact factors. The results show that the augmentation effectively improved the prediction accuracy. Interpretability reveal that Brent crude oil, NBP natural gas, and Rotterdam coal are the top three contributors. Our findings offer a strong approach for the new phase price forecasting, helping market participants and policymakers in informed decision-making.