Metal–phenolic network coatings delivering stem cells from apical papilla derived nanovesicles for bone defect regeneration

results showed that the composite scaffold loaded with SCAPs-NVs stimulated osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and promoted angiogenic activity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Micro-CT and histological evaluation confirmed the efficacy of the NVs-functionalized scaffold in promoting bone regeneration within a rat cranial defect model. This study provides novel insights into the therapeutic potential of nanovesicles, particularly SCAPs-NV, for clinical translation in bone regeneration.