Fluorescent molecularly imprinted hydrogel sensing strip based on nitrogen-doped carbon dots and inverse opal photonic crystals applying for effective detection for imidacloprid in fruits and vegetables

= 0.9905) with a detection limit of 0.065 μg/mL (S/N = 3). The spiked recoveries ranged from 88.2 % to 102.8 %, aligning well with HPLC results. This indicates that the developed fluorescent molecularly imprinted hydrogel sensing strip is an effective analytical tool for detecting IMI residues in food products.