Human in vitro models of neurovasculature and the application to pre-clinical intracerebral haemorrhage research

platforms - such as transwells, hydrogels and other biomaterials, microfluidics, spheroids, organoids, and perfusion-based systems - for pre-clinical research into haemorrhagic stroke. We discuss the advantages and limitations of each model, with a particular focus on the aspects of disease pathophysiology that hold promise for clinical translation. With some adaptation, intracerebral haemorrhage research can benefit from these models for elucidating pathology and recovery mechanisms that can be exploited therapeutically.