Characterization and optimization of weld properties due to the effect of different pin profiles for AA8011 – based friction stir welding

Purpose This Friction stir welding study aims to weld thick AA8011 aluminium plates, and the interface joints created with a variety of tool pin profiles were examined for their effects on the welding process. Design/methodology/approach Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to examine the macro and micro-structural characteristics, as well as the fracture surfaces, of tensile specimens. The mechanical properties (tensile, hardness tests) of the base metal and the welded specimens under a variety of situations being tested. Additionally, a fracture toughness test was used to analyse the resilience of the base metal and the best weldments to crack formation. Using a response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken design, the optimum values for the three key parameters (rotational speed, welding speed and tool pin profile) positively affecting the weld quality were established. Findings The results demonstrate that a defect-free junction can be obtained by using a cylindrical tool pin profile, increasing the rotational speed while decreasing the welding speeds. The high temperature and compressive residual stress generated during welding leads to the increase in grain size. The grain size of the welded zone for optimal conditions is significantly smaller and the hardness of the stir zone is higher than the other experimental run parameters. Originality/value The work focuses on the careful examination of microstructures behaviour under various tool pin profile responsible for the change in mechanical properties. The mathematical model generated using Taguchi approach and parameters was optimized by using multi-objectives response surface methodology techniques.