Cellular and Molecular Effects of Steroid Sex Hormones on the Vocal Folds: A Scoping Review

OBJECTIVE: Steroid sex hormones (SSH) target cell nuclei to affect transcription. Although laryngeal tissue is theorized to be hormonally responsive, SSH receptor presence and cellular effects on the vocal folds are not well-established. A scoping review of this literature might inform future research. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. REVIEW METHODS: This review followed JBI and PRISMA-ScR Guidelines. Two independent reviewers screened each title/abstract and full text according to eligibility criteria. Exclusion criteria included primary outcomes based on subjective interpretation and secondary effects on the vocal folds (e.g., voice). RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty one articles were screened at the title/abstract level, 83 at the full-text level, and 32 met inclusion criteria. Fourteen studies were performed in humans and 15 in animals; 3 were review articles. In studies directly examining receptors (n = 17), estrogen receptors (ER) were found in 10 of 15 studies, progesterone receptors (PR) in 6/10, and androgen receptors (AR) in 6/9. When the effects of SSH on vocal folds were studied (n = 16), estrogen had effects in 10/13, progesterone in 3/3, and androgens in 4/5. ER and PR were mostly identified in epithelium and fibroblasts of lamina propria (LP) while AR was found in muscle, lamina propria, and epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: Existing evidence variably supports the presence of SSH receptors in vocal fold tissue; therefore, further clarification is needed. Estrogen and progesterone were most identified in mucosal tissue, where they decrease fibrosis and help maintain the epithelial barrier. Androgens appear to be pro-fibrotic in epithelium and hypertrophic in muscle. Laryngoscope, 135:540-554, 2025.