Advances in Capsaicin-Based Nanocarriers: Bridging Mechanistic Insights with Therapeutic Potential and Clinical Outcomes

Capsaicin (CAP), a bioactive compound from chili peppers, possesses a wide range of therapeutic properties, including antiobesity, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and cardioprotective effects. However, its clinical application has been limited due to poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and potential side effects with high doses. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have addressed these challenges by enhancing CAP's solubility, stability, and targeted delivery through innovative nanoformulations. This review provides an in-depth analysis of various nanocarrier systems such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanocrystals, all of which have demonstrated improved therapeutic efficacy of CAP in preclinical studies. These nanoformulations not only protect CAP from degradation but also enable controlled release, reduce side effects, and improve patient compliance. The therapeutic potential of CAP-loaded nanocarriers has been investigated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and chronic pain, with promising results. This review highlights the latest innovations in CAP nanotechnology and discusses the future directions for clinical applications, paving the way for more effective CAP-based therapies in modern medicine.