Bioactive release and modulation of urolithin metabotype A phenotype gut microbiota during in vitro digestion and fermentation of ellagic acid-rich fruit polyphenols

was identified as a key contributor to EA metabolism and Uros production. Functional prediction analysis revealed distinct functional enrichments among EARF powders, corresponding to their compositional differences. Among the groups, ST and RA retained higher phenolic levels, which contributed to their stronger antioxidant capacity, while PO more effectively promoted SCFA production. All groups showed distinct modulation of the gut microbiota composition. The results underscore the value of EARF powders as functional foods capable of improving gut health by modulating the microbiota and promoting the generation of beneficial metabolites.