Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Measurements During Neurally Mediated Syncope Induced by Head-Up Tilt

Background and Purpose This study examines changes in systemic hemodynamics and in cerebral blood velocity that occur during neurally mediated syncope (NMS) to determine whether cerebral autoregulation is intact or impaired in patients with recurrent NMS. Methods Beat-to-beat recordings of heart rate, blood pressure (volume clamp photoplethysmography), stroke volume (impedance cardiography), and right middle cerebral artery blood velocity (transcranial Doppler sonography) were performed at rest and during 80° head-up tilt. Twelve patients with NMS and 10 healthy control subjects were studied. Results Baseline values and the initial response to head-up tilt of control subjects and patients with NMS were similar. The mean latency to onset of syncope was 11.8±11.1 minutes. At syncope, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and diastolic cerebral blood velocity decreased significantly, whereas systolic cerebral blood velocity did not change. Calculated cerebrovascular resistance was significantly reduced from 1.85±0.60 to 1.32±0.27 mm Hg/cm per second, whereas the pulsatility index increased from 0.92±0.16 to 1.52±0.21. We never observed a change in cerebral blood velocity before the rapid decline in blood pressure, nor did we observe any significant change in respiratory pattern. Conclusions The decrease in cerebrovascular resistance during NMS indicates that the integrity of cerebrovascular autoregulation is maintained even when syncope is imminent. The selective loss of diastolic flow during syncope and the increase in pulsatility index are likely caused by collapse of downstream vessels as diastolic blood pressure decreases below the critical closing pressure of cerebral vessels.