Esophageal cancer: emerging therapeutics

It is becoming clearer that segregating these two histological subtypes in trials should be the goal of future trial designs. ESCC appears to be more amenable to immune modulation than EAC; however, we are navigating in exciting times as molecular interrogations of EC has expanded with the hope of making more rapid progress. There is still hard work ahead of us to painfully define subsets representing heterogeneity and then finding appropriate agents.