Vascular smooth muscle cell-derived hydrogen sulfide promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability via TFEB (transcription factor EB)-mediated autophagy

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contribute to plaque stability. VSMCs are also a major source of CTH (cystathionine gamma-lyase)-hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a protective gasotransmitter in atherosclerosis. However, the role of VSMC endogenous CTH-H₂S in pathogenesis of plaque stability and the mechanism are unknown. In human carotid plaques, CTH expression in ACTA2⁺ cells was dramatically downregulated in lesion areas in comparison to non-lesion areas. Intraplaque CTH expression was positively correlated with collagen content, whereas there was a negative correlation with CD68⁺ and necrotic core area, resulting in a rigorous correlation with vulnerability index (r = -0.9033). Deletion of Cth in VSMCs exacerbated plaque vulnerability, and were associated with VSMC autophagy decline, all of which were rescued by H₂S donor. In ox-LDL treated VSMCs, cth deletion reduced collagen and heightened apoptosis association with autophagy reduction, and vice versa. For the mechanism, CTH-H₂S mediated VSMC autophagosome formation, autolysosome formation and lysosome function, in part by activation of TFEB, a master regulator for autophagy. Interference with TFEB blocked CTH-H₂S effects on VSMCs collagen and apoptosis. Next, we demonstrated that CTH-H₂S sulfhydrated TFEB at Cys212 site, facilitating its nuclear translocation, and then promoting transcription of its target genes such as ATG9A, LAPTM5 or LDLRAP1. Conclusively, CTH-H₂S increases VSMC autophagy by sulfhydration and activation of TFEB, promotes collagen secretion and inhibits apoptosis, thereby attenuating atherogenesis and plaque vulnerability. CTH-H₂S may act as a warning biomarker for vulnerable plaque.Abbreviations ATG9A: autophagy related 9A; CTH: cystathionine gamma-lyase; CQ: chloroquine; HASMCs: human aortic smooth muscle cells; H₂S: hydrogen sulfide; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LAPTM5: lysosomal protein transmembrane 5; NaHS: sodium hydrosulfide hydrate; ox-LDL: oxidized-low density lipoprotein; PPG: DL- propagylglycine; TFEB: transcription factor EB; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; VSMCs: vascular smooth muscle cells.