Interplay of stoichiometry and crystallization kinetics in vapor-based hybrid perovskite film growth

The evolution of deposition technologies has been integral to the development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), propelling their power conversion efficiency to 27% and accelerating their commercialization. Vapor deposition technologies demonstrate promise for scalable perovskite film fabrication and critical interface engineering, bridging laboratory research and industrial production. This review systematically examines the advances in vapor deposition technologies, with emphasis on their intrinsic control over the interplay between stoichiometric precision and crystallization dynamics for the formation of perovskites. Perspectives on the development pathways for next-generation vapor deposition systems are provided, addressing current technological limitations and commercialization requirements.