Recent progress in magnetic nanoparticles: classification, morphological features, and applications for cancer treatment

With the continuous development of magnetic nanotechnology, new applications for cancer treatment have gradually appeared in recent years.Magnetism, covering fields, forces and thermal effects, has gradually been used in oncology to develop a new type of cancer therapy system.This paper reviews the recent all-around development of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for cancer diagnosis and therapy.First, we introduce the main types of MNPs and discuss their magnetic response mechanisms.In addition to the traditional magnetic control factors of chemical composition and intrinsic structure of magnetic domains, this review also summarizes the regulatory laws for geometric structural parameters such as magnetic anisotropy, particle microscopic morphology and particle size on the magnetic response characteristics of MNPs.Next, we introduce the therapeutic applications of MNPs in oncology, such as magnetic targeting, magnetic hyperthermia, magnetic force-mediated therapy, and precision treatment enabled by magnetically actuated nanorobots.Finally, the main problems and future directions of MNPs in biomedical applications are systematically introduced.This paper takes the properties of materials and relates them to magnetic-field-sensitive functions and biological responses; it aims to build a full-featured database of advantages in magnetic-field-regulated nanocarriers for cancer diagnosis and treatment, uncover the fundamental mechanisms by which magnetic effects boost anti-tumor effects, and provide a practical foundation for developing MNP-based cancer therapy systems.