Biocompatible chitosan-starch bio-composite fabricated with Mukia maderaspatana metabolites: Preparation and evaluation for enhanced potential pharmacological activities

Bio-composites made from natural carbohydrate polymers are widely explored for their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biological activity. This study investigates a novel chitosan–starch bio-composite (MM-BC) incorporating the ethanolic extract of Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. SEM analysis revealed a heterogeneous polymeric matrix, and FTIR confirmed functional groups such as hydroxyl and amine, contributing to the material’s bioactivity. MM-BC demonstrated enhanced antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties compared to the crude extract. The α-amylase inhibition assay showed 50 % inhibition at 120 µg/mL for MM-BC, compared to 30 % for the extract. Molecular docking revealed strong binding to diabetic target proteins, with the highest affinity for DPP-4 (−13.5 kcal/mol). Antioxidant activity was also improved, with 40 % DPPH inhibition for MM-BC versus 30 % for the extract. MM-BC exhibited greater antibacterial efficacy, with inhibition zones of 17 mm (E. coli) and 15 mm (E. faecalis). GC-MS analysis identified active compounds such as 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and palmitic acid, supporting the observed bioactivities. These results highlight MM-BC as a stable, multifunctional material with potential in diabetes management, oxidative stress reduction, and antibacterial applications.