Effects of advanced glycation end products on dental pulp calcification

The main aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on the calcification of cultured rat dental pulp cells (RDPCs) and to investigate the crystallisation ability of glycated collagen.AGEs were prepared via non-enzymatic glycation of a dish coated with type I collagen using dl-glyceraldehyde. To investigate the effects of AGEs on RDPCs, we performed WST-1 and lactate dehydrogenase assays; alkaline phosphatase, Alizarin Red S and immunohistochemical staining; and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. In addition, we performed crystallisation experiments on glycated collagen. All microstructures were analysed using scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy/diffraction pattern analysis.AGEs did not affect the proliferation or differentiation of RDPCs, but enhanced the calcification rate and cytotoxicity. No major calcification-related genes or proteins were involved in these calcifications, and glycated collagen was found to exhibit a negative polarity and form calcium phosphate crystals. Cytotoxicity due to drastic changes in the concentration of pericellular ions led to dystrophic calcification, assumed to represent an aspect of diabetic pulp calcifications.Glycated collagen-containing AGEs provide a nurturing environment for crystallisation and have a significant effect on the early calcification of RDPCs.