Preoperative Anxiety’s Impact on the Median Effective Dose of Esketamine for Alleviating Propofol Injection Pain in Patients Undergoing Painless abortion: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial

Propofol injection pain (PIP) is a frequent adverse effect during anesthesia induction, impacting patient comfort and satisfaction. Esketamine has been shown to alleviate PIP, but the optimal dose, especially in relation to preoperative anxiety levels, remains unclear. Preoperative anxiety may heighten pain perception and influence analgesic requirements.