Replay attack detection based on smooth watermarking and encoding and decoding

The proposed detection method in this study, which involves smooth watermarking, encoding, and decoding, aims to address replay attacks in time-delay systems during communication. Implementing an event-triggered technique helps save communication resources and cut down on unnecessary information transmission. A weighted sliding average method is employed to smooth the system’s watermark influenced by time delay, decreasing unnecessary fluctuations and boosting anti-attack resilience. The encoding and decoding systems were ingeniously designed to increase the invisibility of the smooth watermarking, making it more sensitive in detecting replay attacks. Multiple attack scenarios are meticulously examined, after which rigorous simulation tests are carried out to prove the proposed scheme’s reliability, effectiveness, and substantial superiority.