Zein-based nanoparticles and nanofibers: Co-encapsulation, characterization, and application in food and biomedicine

Zein-based nanoparticles and nanofibers have attracted considerable attention because of their ability to co-encapsulate and deliver multiple bioactive compounds. Zein has unique properties, including amphiphilicity, renewability, nontoxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, making it a highly suitable carrier for enhancing the stability, bioavailability, and efficacy of small molecules in the field of functional food ingredients and smart biomedicine. This review highlights recent advancements in zein-based delivery systems, focusing on the synergistic effects of co-encapsulated bioactive compounds, improved stability, bioavailability, and controlled release mechanisms. The integration of zein with other biopolymers for hybrid systems is also discussed. Zein nanoparticles and nanofibers, typically ranging in size from 50 to 300 nm, achieved a co-encapsulation efficiency of greater than 90%, facilitating the controlled and prolonged release of bioactive compounds, such as vitamins, lipids, and antioxidants for over 21 days. Future research could optimize multifunctional delivery systems and scalable production methods such as microfluidics and solution blow spinning processes to advance zein-based applications across the food and biomedical sectors. • Zein-based materials offer enhanced encapsulation efficiency and controlled release of bioactives. • Advanced nanomaterial fabrication techniques improve the precision of zein delivery systems. • Recent research on zein delivery systems focuses on nanomaterial fabrication and process scale ups.