Effects of Different Exercises on Physical Function, Dialysis Adequacy, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

This study concluded that intradialytic combined aerobic and resistance exercise is optimal for MHD patients due to its significant positive effects on multiple outcomes. Walking capacity can be further enhanced by combining blood flow restriction with exercise. For improving dialysis adequacy, intradialytic exercise proves to be more effective than non-intradialytic exercise. Further well-designed clinical trials are needed to investigate the effects of exercise with varying durations, intensities, and frequencies.