Therapeutic potential of Cordyceps sinensis targeting oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the treatment of COPD rats: insights from metabolomics analysis

potentially modulated glycerophospholipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism, thereby alleviating oxidative stress (by decreasing MDA and GSSG, while increasing SOD and GSH) and inflammatory response (by inhibiting TNF-α, IL-8, and MMP-9) in COPD rats while improving lung tissue damage.