Construction and Sampling of Alloy Cluster Expansions—A Tutorial

Crystalline alloys and related mixed systems make up a large family of materials with high tunability that have been proposed as the solution to a large number of energy-related material design problems. Because of the presence of chemical order and disorder in these systems, neither experimental efforts nor computational methods alone are sufficient to span the inherently large configuration space. Therefore, fast and accurate models are necessary. To this end, cluster expansions have been widely and successfully used for the past few decades. Cluster expansions are generalized Ising models designed to predict the energy of any atomic configuration of a system after training on a small subset of the available configurations. Constructing and sampling a cluster expansion consists of multiple steps that have to be performed with care. In this tutorial, we provide a comprehensive guide to this process, highlighting important considerations and potential pitfalls. The tutorial consists of three parts, starting with cluster expansion construction for a relatively simple system, continuing with strategies for more challenging systems such as surfaces, and closing with examples of Monte Carlo sampling of cluster expansions to study order-disorder transitions and phase diagrams. Published by the American Physical Society 2024