Functions and Mechanisms of Secreted Proteinaceous Effectors of Broad-Host-Range Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens

This review focuses on the intricate interaction mechanisms between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and their host plants, emphasizing the pivotal role of effectors in orchestrating host cell death and immune responses. It undertakes a comparative analysis of effector–target interactions, contrasting those of broad-host-range necrotrophic fungal pathogens with host-specific necrotrophic fungal pathogens as well as necrotrophic fungal pathogens with biotrophic fungal pathogens. A detailed discussion is provided on how these effector mechanisms shape infection strategies. Additionally, the review introduces new disease control strategies and evaluates their advantages and limitations. Finally, in light of the effector interaction mechanisms, it advocates for the incorporation of artificial intelligence in future research and disease management efforts, aiming at expediting comprehension of effector–target interactions and developing novel strategies for disease control.