Molecular insights into the impact of environmental pollution on gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) mediated metabolic dysregulation

There is an undeniable link between environmental pollution and various metabolic disorders, as well as increased mortality rates. This phenomenon has become a significant concern in the health field over the past few decades. Multiple scientific studies have provided evidence that environmental pollutants can directly disturb the equilibrium of gut microbiota. It is well-known that an imbalance in gut microbes leads to alterations in their metabolic byproducts. A notable byproduct is short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), mainly generated through the fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates by gut bacteria. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that SCFAs have a significant impact on overall health and the development of various diseases. Recent advancements in SCFA research have highlighted their considerable effects on various physiological systems operating at the cellular and molecular levels. Considering the role of SCFAs in regulating G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and histone deacetylase (HADC), it becomes evident that their upregulation or downregulation can significantly impact the development of various diseases. This review explores the impact of various environmental pollutants on SCFA levels. Furthermore, it delves into the possible implications of SCFAs on developing different diseases and the intricate molecular mechanisms involved.