Hollow nanocages for electrochemical glucose sensing: A comprehensive review

The hollow nanocages (HNCs) have been emerged as potential candidates for glucose biosensing applications because of presence of inner and outer surfaces and porous walls, offering a large surface area and electrocatalytic activity. Quite a few studies have been conducted to explore glucose oxidation potential of HNCs. However, a comprehensive review regarding glucose biosensing applications of HNCs is missing in the pool of literature. The available reviews have focused on the synthesis and nanostructures of hollow nanocages but comparison of their electrocatalytic efficiency was not considered. To address this discrepancy, the present review has been dedicated to glucose sensing applications of HNCs. This review summarizes the published literature to date on electrochemical glucose sensing methods by hollow nanocages and provides a comprehensive and critical comparison of features such as the stability, response times and the sensitivity of hollow nanocages for the determination of glucose. Furthermore, the authors have recommended the most suitable and efficient metal/metal oxide for glucose sensing based on the theoretical calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT).