Multi-strain Probiotics Upregulated Anti-inflammatory Properties and Reduced Pasteurella multocida Mortality in Broilers

calis (15.77%) C. parapsilosis (8.87%) and C. akabanensis (13.09%) respectively.The molecular characterization of the different Candida spp.and their phylogenetic relationships were confirmed using the Bayesian analysis.All the Candida spp.revealed varying degrees of susceptibilities to voriconazole, fluconazole and nystatin.However, C. albicans showed 29.0% resistance to fluconazole, C. tropicalis showed 46.0% and 14.0% resistance to nystatin and voriconazole while C. akabanensis showed 100% resistance to voriconazole and fluconazole, respectively.Kruskal-Wallis Chi-square test using 'R' (Version 3.2.2) showed nystatin as the most effective antifungal agent (Kruskal-Wallis χ 2 = 786.03,df = 2, P < 0.001) against Candida spp.Also, resistant gene Erg11 was identified in all the Candida spp.resistant to the antifungal agents tested. Conclusion: Women using contraceptive devices in central Nigeria harbour phylogenetically diverse Candida spp.including C. akabanensis an uncommon cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis.Out of these Candida spp.C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. akabanensis are notable for multidrug drug resistance as well as harbouring resistant gene Erg11 .