NMR characterization of fluid mobility in low-permeability conglomerates: An experimental investigation of spontaneous imbibition and flooding

Understanding fluid mobility during spontaneous imbibition (SI) and flooding is important for the enhancement of oil recovery. Many researches on SI, water flooding (WF), and N 2 flooding (NF) have been published, but an in-depth understanding of the oil mobility at the pore scale is still inadequate in low-permeability reservoirs. To solve this problem, SI, WF, and NF experiments were performed on the low-permeability conglomerates of the Baikouquan Formation and the Urho Formation in the Mahu Sag. Moreover, online NMR was introduced to monitor the oil volume in pores with different sizes in real-time. Considering the wettability, mineral compositions, and pore structure, we established a schematic diagram to reveal the fluid mobility mechanism. The results show that the micropores in the low-permeability conglomerates are more hydrophilic, whereas the other pores are more lipophilic. During SI, the movable oil is mainly distributed in the micropores in the form of clay-bound oil (CBO), which is discharged from the rock through the meso/macropores. High hydrophilicity contributes to a high imbibition rate and oil recovery from SI, while the pore structure only affects the imbibition rate. During WF, the movable oil is contributed by CBO in the micropores and free oil (FO) in the pores controlled by throats >0.3 μm. During NF, the movable oil is mainly distributed in the pores controlled by > 0.1 μm throats, existing as FO and part capillary-bound oil (CAO). The results demonstrate that NF is effective to enhance the oil recovery of tight reservoirs, while WF is only effective for tight reservoirs with better pore structure (high V r > 0.3 μm ). • A series of simulation experiments were performed to analyze the relationship between the recovered oil and the pore sizes and fluid types combining online NMR. • A schematic diagram were established to reveal the fluid transport mechanism during spontaneous imbibition, water flooding and nitrogen flooding. • The controlling factors of the recovery factor were analyzed with respect to the wettability, pore structure and mineral compositions of low-permeability conglomerates.