The Role of iron and manganese plaques on wetland plant roots in environment and ecology

The roots of many wetlands and aquatic plants species are able to release oxygen and/or oxidant into the rhizosphere, re- sulting in the precipitation of iron and manganese oxides at the surface of roots, also referred to as Fe-plaque in the case of Fe. As Fe-plaque have special physical or chemical feature, it has great effect on ecological environment. This paper reviews the formation and feature of iron and manganese plaque, alleviation of metal (loid) toxicity via adsorption and accumulation, eutrophication purifi- cation, plant acid proof and barren resistance. It will be the new investigations into remediation role of Fe and Mn plaques via new methods.