Hericium erinaceus is a valuable fungus known for its strong bioactive properties. It shows promising results as a neuroprotective agent, capable of stimulating the release of nerve growth factor, suppressing inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, and protecting nerve cells from apoptosis. Active compounds in the fungus, such as erinacines and hericenones, have been the subject of research demonstrating their neuroprotective effects. Further research and standardization processes for H. erinaceus-targeted drugs are needed to ensure efficacy and protection of the nervous system. Advances in cultivation methods and selection of quality raw materials will play a decisive role in the creation of standardized, high-quality preparations based on H. erinaceus. The purpose of this study is to analyze the protective and nutritional effects of the fungus on the nervous system and to present the most up-to-date research results related to this topic.