Rutley's Elements of Mineralogy

1 The chemistry of minerals.- 1.1 States of matter.- 1.2 Elements, compounds and mixtures.- 1.3 Atoms and molecules.- 1.4 Atomic number, valency and atomic weight.- 1.5 Atomic bonding.- 1.6 Ion size and ionic radii.- 1.7 Ionic potential and behaviour of ions in magma.- 1.8 Periodic classification of the elements.- 1.9 Oxides, acids and bases, and salts.- 1.10 Oxidation and reduction.- 1.11 The electrochemical series of metals.- 1.12 Chemical analysis.- 2 Physical properties of minerals.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Characters dependent upon light.- 2.3 Taste, odour and feel.- 2.4 State of aggregation.- 2.5 Specific gravity.- 2.6 Characters dependent upon heat.- 2.7 Characters dependent upon magnetism, electricity and radioactivity.- 3. The elements of crystallography.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The internal structure of minerals.- 3.3 The nature of the crystalline state.- 3.4 Stereographic projection.- 3.5 Description of crystals.- 3.6 The crystal systems.- 3.7 Crystal drawings.- 3.8 Simple uses of crystal stereograms.- 4 The optical properties of minerals.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The nature of light.- 4.3 Reflection.- 4.4 Refraction.- 4.5 The petrological microscope.- 4.6 Isotropic and anisotropic substances.- 4.7 Isotropic minerals.- 4.8 Uniaxial minerals.- 4.9 Biaxial minerals.- 4.10 Pleochroism.- 4.11 Thin sections of rocks and minerals.- 4.12 Systematic description of minerals under the petrological microscope.- 4.13 The microscopic investigation of ore minerals.- 4.14 Microchemical tests.- 4.15 X-ray diffraction studies of minerals.- 5 The occurrence of minerals.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Classification of rocks.- 5.3 Igneous rocks.- 5.4 Sedimentary rocks.- 5.5 Metamorphic rocks.- 5.6 Mineral deposits.- 5.7 Earth history.- 6 The classification of minerals.- 7 Economic grouping of minerals according to elements.- Ia Lithium, sodium and potassium.- Ib Copper, silver and gold.- IIa Calcium, strontium, barium and radium.- IIb Beryllium, magnesium, zinc, cadmium and mercury.- IIIb Boron and aluminium (gallium, indium).- IVa Titanium, zirconium, cerium and rare earth elements, and thorium.- IVb Carbon, silicon, tin and lead.- Va Vanadium, niobium and tantalum.- Vb Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.- VIa Chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and uranium.- VIb Sulphur, selenium and tellurium.- VIIa Manganese and rhenium.- Vllb Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.- Vllb Iron, cobalt and nickel.- VIIIb Ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum.- 8 The non-silicate minerals.- 8.1 Native elements.- 8.2 Halides.- 8.3 Sulphides.- 8.4 Oxides.- 8.5 Carbonates.- 8.6 Nitrates.- 8.7 Borates.- 8.8 Sulphates.- 8.9 Chromates.- 8.10 Phosphates, arsenates and vanadates.- 8.11 Molybdates and tungstates.- 9 The silicate minerals.- 9.1 Crystal chemistry of silicate minerals.- 9.2 Nesosilicates.- 9.3 Sorosilicates.- 9.4 Cyclosilicates.- 9.5 Inosilicates (chain silicates).- 9.6 Phyllosilicates (sheet silicates).- 9.7 Tektosilicates (framework silicates).- Appendix A Analysis by the blowpipe.- A.1 The blowpipe.- A.2 The two types of flame.- A.3 Supports.- A.4 Fluxes.- A.5 Tube tests.- A.6 Reactions.- A.7 Tables of blowpipe analyses.- Appendix B Hydrocarbons.- B.1 Introduction.- B.2 Coals.- B.3 Bitumens.