Optical sensing Bio-nanocomposites for Meat and Fish Freshness

The rapid spoilage of meat and fish products results from microbial protein degradation, leading to the emission of volatile spoilage markers such as ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). Real-time monitoring of these gases is essential for ensuring food safety and reducing post-harvest losses. This study presents the development of an eco-friendly bio-nanocomposite based optical sensor for intelligent food packaging applications. The sensing system integrates metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and organic/inorganic nanomaterials within biodegradable biopolymer matrices, enabling selective and sensitive detection of NH₃ and H₂S through adsorption and surface interaction mechanisms. The synergistic combination of biopolymers and functional nanofillers enhances mechanical integrity, barrier performance, and optical responsiveness. Distinct colorimetric and/or fluorescence changes are observed upon exposure to spoilage gases, allowing direct visual assessment of food freshness without external instrumentation. Owing to its biodegradability, non-toxicity, and rapid optical response, the proposed bionanocomposite sensor offers a promising platform for smart packaging systems aimed at real-time freshness monitoring of meat and fish products. This paper highlights various MOFs and organic and inorganic nanofillers embedded in biopolymer matrices for intelligent packaging of meat and fish.