Source, Treatment, and Disposal of Aquaculture Solid Waste: A Review

Due to the serious environmental pollution and waste of resources resulting from aquaculture solid waste, its treatment and disposal have attracted wide attention in recent years. Aquaculture solid waste mainly consists of aquaculture sludge (AS) and fish processing waste (FPW). This paper reviews the characteristic and environmental impact of AS and FPW, respectively. The conventional and novel technologies for aquaculture solid waste management are analyzed and summarized. Discharged, constructed wetland, aerobic composting, anaerobic treatment, enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis, and aquaponics are conventional and well-known technologies used in aquaculture waste reduction, valorization, and recycling. Novel technologies are mainly applied to recycle resources or produce valuable by-products, including biodiesel, fish silage, biosorbent, hydrochar, lactic acid, hydrogen, and Hermetia illucens larvae growth from FPW, as well as phytoremediation and biofloc technology for AS treatment. Finally, future directions of aquaculture solid waste management are proposed.