The Combined Strategy for iron uptake is not exclusive to domesticated rice (Oryza sativa)

Abstract Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient that is frequently inaccessible to plants. Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) plants employ the Combined Strategy for Fe uptake, which is composed by all features of Strategy II, common to all Poaceae species, and some features of Strategy I, common to non-Poaceae species. To understand the evolution of Fe uptake mechanisms, we analyzed the root transcriptomic response to Fe deficiency in O. sativa and its wild progenitor O. rufipogon . We identified 622 and 2,017 differentially expressed genes in O. sativa and O. rufipogon , respectively. Among the genes up-regulated in both species, we found Fe transporters associated with Strategy I, such as IRT1, IRT2 and NRAMP1 ; and genes associated with Strategy II, such as YSL15 and IRO2 . In order to evaluate the conservation of these Strategies among other Poaceae, we identified the orthologs of these genes in nine species from the Oryza genus, maize and sorghum, and evaluated their expression profile in response to low Fe condition. Our results indicate that the Combined Strategy is not specific to O. sativa as previously proposed, but also present in species of the Oryza genus closely related to domesticated rice, and originated around the same time the AA genome lineage within Oryza diversified. Therefore, adaptation to Fe 2+ acquisition via IRT1 in flooded soils precedes O. sativa domestication.