The Th17/Treg Cell Balance: A Gut Microbiota-Modulated Story

The intestinal tract of vertebrates is normally colonized with a remarkable number of commensal microorganisms that are collectively referred to as gut microbiota. Gut microbiota has been demonstrated to interact with immune cells and to modulate specific signaling pathways involving both innate and adaptive immune processes. Accumulated evidence suggests that the imbalance of Th17 and Treg cells is associated with the development of many diseases. Herein, we emphatically present recent findings to show how specific gut microbiota organisms and metabolites shape the balance of Th17 and Treg cells. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in diseases caused by the imbalance of Th17 and Treg cells.