A general approach to high-efficiency perovskite solar cells from any antisolvent

Deposition of perovskite layers by the antisolvent engineering technique is one of the most common methods employed in perovskite photovoltaics research. Recently, we developed a general method that allows the fabrication of highly efficient perovskite solar cells by any antisolvent. We demonstrate this method by exploring 14 different antisolvents which we use to fabricate perovskite thin films and devices. By characterising the microstructure, composition and crystalline structure of these films, we identify two key factors that influence the quality of the perovskite active layer: the solubility of the organic precursors in the antisolvent and its miscibility with the host solvent(s) of the perovskite precursor solution. We show that depending on these two factors, each antisolvent can be utilized to produce high performance solar cells with efficiencies up to 22%.