Heterogeneous Catalysis in Water

Heterogeneous catalytic processes produce the majority of the fuels and chemicals in the chemical industry and have kept improving the welfare of human beings for centuries. Although most of the heterogeneous catalytic reactions occur at the gas-solid interface, numerous cases have demonstrated that the condensed water near the active site and/or the aqueous phase merging the catalysts play positive roles in enhancing the performance of heterogeneous catalysts and creating novel catalytic conversion routes. We enumerate the traditional heterogeneous catalytic reactions that enable significant rate/selectivity promotion in the aqueous phase or adsorbed micro water environment and discuss the role of water in specific systems. Some of the novel heterogeneous reactions achieved with only the assistance of the aqueous phase have been summarized. The development of reactions with the participation of the aqueous phase/water and the investigation of the role of water in the heterogeneous catalytic reactions will open new horizons for catalysts with better activity, improved selectivity, and novel processes.