Current advances in immunoassays for quinolones in food and environmental samples

Quinolones (QNs), used extensively as therapeutic agents and growth promoters worldwide, have significantly residued in food and environment, causing serious threat to human health through food chain. There is a high and urgent demand for easy, rapid, sensitive, and economical analytical methods for QNs residues monitoring. Immunoassays are recommended as the first-rate choice in the rapid screening of QNs residues in food and environmental samples due to various advantages. Great progress has been achieved in recent researches of immunoassays for screening QNs. This comprehensive review systematically presents specific recognition elements production, immunoassay formats construction and improvement, outlook and challenges of immunoassays for QNs. The review provides new information and insightful commentary, critically important to the development and innovation of further immunoassay for QNs detection. • Advances in immunoassays for quinolones in food and environmental samples are summarized. • Hapten design, antibody production and evolution, alternative recognition elements preparation of quinolones are reviewed. • Immunoassay formats construction and innovations for quinolones detection are presented. • Challenges and possible solutions of immunoassays for quinolones detection are discussed.