[Intractable Orthostatic Hypotension in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: General Matters about Orthostatic Hypotension and Cautionary Notes through Our Observed Refractory Cases].

Some patients with Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy suffer from orthostatic hypotension as a result of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. Other complicated dysfunctions, such as spinal hypertension, hinder the management of orthostatic hypotension. A combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions is required for successful treatment. In this article, I first discuss general matters regarding orthostatic hypotension, after which I describe refractory cases of orthostatic hypotension I have encountered in clinical practice.