Dysregulation of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent condition affecting approximately a quarter of the global population. It is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, economic burden, and healthcare costs. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of lipids in the liver, known as steatosis, which can progress to more severe stages such as steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review focuses on the mechanisms that contribute to the development of diet-induced steatosis in an insulin-resistant liver. Specifically, it discusses the existing literature on carbon flux through glycolysis, ketogenesis, TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle), and fatty acid synthesis pathways in NAFLD, as well as the altered canonical insulin signaling and genetic predispositions that lead to the accumulation of diet-induced hepatic fat. Finally, the review discusses the current therapeutic efforts that aim to ameliorate various pathologies associated with NAFLD.