Ocular involvement in Steven-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis: recent insights into pathophysiology, biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies

Purpose of review To review the pathophysiology, recent biomarkers related to the ocular aspects of Steven-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and to highlight notable evidence published in recent years. Recent findings Several studies reveal the relationship between tear cytokines and the pathological components in eyes of SJS/TEN patients. Specific clinical features and associated risk factors in the acute stage have shown significant correlations with chronic ocular sequelae. Recent treatment protocols, including early pulse systemic and topical steroids, as well as tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors, have demonstrated positive effects on ocular outcomes. In addition to conventional surgical treatment, a new surgical technique, simple oral mucosal epithelial transplantation (SOMET), has been introduced as a simple ocular surface reconstruction for patient with SJS. Summary Advancements in knowledge and management strategies have notably enhanced ocular outcomes for SJS/TEN eyes. A deeper understanding of the biomarker changes in these eyes could facilitate the development of future targeted treatment options.