Phytopharmaceutical and innovative nanocarriers for chronic kidney diseases: a comprehensive review

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global health issue, marked by a high mortality rate and significant cardiovascular risks. Despite advancements in treatment, a definitive cure remains out of reach, as current approaches mainly focus on managing underlying conditions. The progression of CKD is largely influenced by oxidative stress, fibrosis, and inflammation, which present the key areas for therapeutic intervention. Natural therapies encompassing plant extracts and bioactive plant molecules have been promising for nephroprotective action due to their anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antioxidative, and anti-fibrotic properties. Despite the immense exploration and availability of plant drugs for CKD management, hurdles remain in the formulation development and active drug delivery of these phytoconstituents. A thoughtful examination of the properties of phytoconstituents and their selection in developing them as ideal dosage forms can reduce the gap in the current drug delivery of phytopharmaceuticals. Consequently, phytoconstituents loaded in nanocarriers hold promise for safe and effective drug delivery of active molecules at the site to produce the desired therapeutic outcomes. Incorporating these natural compounds into nanotechnology-based delivery systems could revolutionize current treatment approaches. Additionally, understanding CKD biochemical pathways offers opportunities for renal-specific targeting and optimized use of phytopharmaceuticals. The review examines the potential utilization of nephroprotective phytopharmaceuticals suitable for CKD management, their occurrence and progression mechanisms, and the ideal nanocarriers that can be considered for safe drug delivery.