Influence of Light‐Emitting Diode‐Derived Blue Light Overexposure on Rat Ocular Surface

We aim to investigate the effect of overexposure to blue light on the rat ocular surface and explore the potential mechanisms. 450 nm light‐emitting diode (LED) derived light at 1000 lux was used to irradiate SD rats, 12 hours a day, for consecutive 28 days. Rats in the control group were exposed to 400 lux white light at the same time (in an indoor environment). Tear film breakup time (TBUT), tear volume, and corneal fluorescein staining scores were used to measure the changes to the ocular surface. Expressions of nuclear factor‐ κ B (NF‐ κ B), inhibitor‐ κ B (I‐ κ B), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and tumor necrosis factor‐ α (TNF‐ α ) were measured by real‐time PCR, and the activation of the NF‐ κ B pathway was detected by Western blotting, respectively. Cornea ultrastructure was examined by TEM and optical microscope on day 28. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an inhibitor of NF‐ κ B signaling pathway, was used to measure the inhibition of blue light injury. The above indexes were detected again when compared with the solvent‐treated group. On day 28, compared with day 0, the TBUT of the blue light group was significantly shorter, and the score was significantly higher. The amount of tear secretion changed slightly with time. HE and PAS staining revealed significantly decreased corneal epithelial cell layers and goblet cells after 28‐day irradiation of blue light. Disarranged stromal cells, vacuoles in the basal nuclei, and decreased desmosomes were also found in the blue light group. Significantly increased levels of NF‐ κ B, IL‐6, TNF‐ α , and the ratio of phosphorylated NF‐ κ B p65 (pNF‐ κ B p65) to total NF‐ κ B p65 implied blue light‐induced damage and pathway activation. In addition, PDTC significantly reduced the phosphorylation of NF‐ κ B activated in blue light‐treated corneas and alleviated the ocular surface changes caused by blue light. Finally, our results demonstrated that long‐term blue light exposure in rats could cause ocular surface changes and manifest as dry eye. Inflammation and activation of the NF‐ κ B pathway may play a role in the pathogenesis.